Susan PhillipsHurricane Florence forced airports along the Carolina coasts to shut down in anticipation of flooding, with more than 1,500 flights canceled.
Climate scientists, city planners, and engineers say flooding at coastal airports and flight disruptions will become more common as sea level rise, rain events and the accompanying storm surge worsen. And increasingly, it won’t necessarily take a major tropical storm to shut down an airport. A federal report lists Philadelphia International as one of 13 major U.S. airports that have at least one runway below 12 feet of current sea level. By mid-century, some of those runways could be underwater.
Philadelphia International’s major runway is about 260 yards from the tidal Delaware River, and sits about 8 feet above sea level.
Raymond Scheinfeld is the Airport Environmental Manager at Philadelphia International Airport. He points to maps that show how the airport was built on a marsh. Photo: Kimberly Paynter/WHYY
From the ramp tower of Philadelphia International, 120 feet above the runway, it’s easy to see how vulnerable the airfield is to sea level rise: It’s surrounded by water. The John Heinz National Wildlife refuge, a wetland, sits behind it; the Darby Creek and the Schuylkill River empty out into the Delaware nearby. There’s also Mingo, Eagle and Church creeks, all part of the area’s drainage system that feeds the Delaware river and Delaware Bay. It’s tidal, meaning the water level rises and falls six feet twice a day all the way up to Trenton.
LISTEN: “Rising Sea Levels Could Affect Your Flight”
Ray Scheinfeld, planning and environmental services manager for the city’s division of aviation, is in charge of preparing for rising sea levels at the airport. He has an impressive map collection, which he uses to illustrate the terrain that sits beneath the airport.
“Ok, this is from 1777 and you can see some of the drainages here, a creek called Kingsessing, another one called Boon Creek, another one called Bow Creek,” he said.
In the 1800s, this land became fertile farmland. Residents also hunted along the waterways. But today, many of the creeks have been diverted and filled in. Like a lot of airports, Philadelphia International was built on marshy swamp and landfill. Scheinfeld says airports needed large tracts of land convenient to cities, but far enough away from homes and tall buildings, and that meant building on coastal wetlands.
Now, those airports are threatened.
Protecting the power source
In 2012, Philadelphia was spared from the most destructive impacts of Superstorm Sandy. But the storm spilled more than 100 million gallons of seawater into New York City’s LaGuardia airport, shutting it down for three days.
“If we got hit by that, we could have flooding on some of our taxiways or runways,” Scheinfeld said. “We could have problems with some of our infrastructure.”
Scheinfeld says if an airport shuts down, that not only leaves passengers stranded, but also prevents delivery of crucial items like medicine or emergency services. It could cost millions of dollars in revenue for the region.
Outside terminal A East, where airplanes taxi by and baggage handlers toss luggage onto carts, Scheinfeld points to the most critical infrastructure — electric power stations.
“Electricity is very important,” he said, “because how do you keep the lights on? How do you keep things operating?”
That means crucial things like air conditioning in the terminals, and baggage conveyor belts — which, at Philadelphia International, are about 15 feet underground.
After baggage handlers unload luggage from the planes, they take them down tunnels beneath the terminals. This is where the work begins to get luggage to passengers waiting in baggage claim upstairs.
In 2013, a storm flooded the tunnel serving terminal A east with three feet of water, shutting down the baggage belts and inundating an electric substation. It knocked out all the power in terminal, and resulted in about 12 canceled flights. Scheinfeld explains a new method installed after that storm to keep out water – stackable aluminum barriers that seal the doors to the substation and protect the power.
“And if we know a storm is coming or there’s a potential problem, we can insert those [against the doors] and protect probably up to about 40 inches above the floor level, keeping water from getting into the substations.”
Scheinfeld says new facilities built at the airport will incorporate future sea level rise.
“We may put additional fill into a particular area as we do development,” he said. “The design should take that into account and be able to put additional fill into those locations.”
Raymond Scheinfeld, Philadelphia Airport Environmental Manager, shows how sensitive electrical equipment can be protected from floods at the airport. Photo: Kimberly Paynter
Airports across the country are working to solve the same problems.
La Guardia, which has a perimeter dike that failed to protect it from the flood waters of Superstorm Sandy, was built on a former ash dump.
Boston’s Logan airport has raised its electrical equipment, and purchased new flood barriers.
San Francisco’s airport has runways that jut out into the bay. They’ve already installed concrete berms and walls and are working with the Army Corps of Engineers to do more.
Rob Freudenberg has studied climate impacts on New York area airports for the Regional Plan Association. He says solutions don’t come easy or cheap.
“You know if you’re talking about airports on the edge of the sea, the most likely thing you would think to do is build a higher wall around that airport,” Freudenberg said. “But there is a point at which you can’t build a wall so high that an airplane couldn’t clear it. So this is a tricky thing with airports.“
Freudenberg says the problem will only get worse as the planet continues to warm, and seas keep rising. A recent report by the organization predicts that in just 30 years, Teterboro airport in north Jersey could be under water.
Josh DeFlorio, chief of resilience and sustainability at the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, says the RPA’s conclusion on Teterboro airport is “overly pessimistic.” But DeFlorio says sea level rise will be a greater challenge for the authority’s five airports later in this century.
“Our concern is about the potential for sea level rise to exacerbate storm surge, which is already a risk at our facilities,” he said. “If you look at public floodplain maps, most of our facilities especially LaGuardia and Teterboro are in current Special Flood Hazard Areas. And that’s just a reality of being situated in a coastal region and one where obviously there’s not a whole lot of excess land where you can site a modern airport.”
An aerial view of the Philadelphia airport.
DeFlorio says minor storm surge events that don’t cause problems today will be more significant in the future because of sea level rise.
Melinda Pagliarello, Senior Director of Environmental Affairs with the Airports Council International North America, says reduced snowfall is also a problem.
“Because the drainage that currently exists now when an airport that used to get x number of feet of snow, but now is getting the equivalent in rain,” she said, “that is in some cases overwhelming or challenging the existing drainage system.”
Pagliarello also said the increased wet weather can bring unexpected challenges for airports working to prevent slippery runways.
“As it’s wetter than they’ve been used to, worms are infesting the runways. One airport in particular had not had that problem, and now climate change [brought] a worm infestation.”
###
Photo (top): Marcus Eubanks/flickr (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/)
This story is produced in partnership with StateImpact Pennsylvania, a collaboration among The Allegheny Front, WPSU, WITF and WHYY to cover the commonwealth's energy economy.
